Angioplasty, also known as Percutaneous Coronary Artery Intervention (PCI), is a common medical procedure used to treat blocked or narrowed Arteries in the Heart caused by Coronary Artery Disease. By inserting a balloon catheter into the blocked Artery, doctors can widen the space, improving blood flow. Angioplasty can be performed as an emergency procedure for Heart Attacks or as an elective procedure when Cardiac Disease is suspected.

Reasons for Angioplasty: 
The primary purpose of angioplasty is to clear fatty plaque build-up within the Heart's arteries, which can restrict blood supply to the Heart muscles. This procedure helps improve symptoms associated with clogged Arteries, such as Chest pain and shortness of breath. However, not everyone is a candidate for Angioplasty, as its suitability depends on factors such as medical history, symptoms, and the extent of Heart Disease.

Types of Angioplasty:

There are two main types of Angioplasty:

Balloon Angioplasty: Balloon Angioplasty is typically combined with stent placement and involves using an inflated balloon to increase pressure and eliminate plaque in the blocked Artery.
Stent Placement: Stent placement involves inserting a small metal wire mesh tube, called a stent, into the cleared Artery to prevent it from narrowing again.

Risks Associated with Angioplasty:

While Angioplasty is generally safe, there are some associated risks, including bleeding at the catheter insertion site, blood clot formation within the stent, and a potential recurrence of Artery blockage. Rare risks include abnormal Heart rhythms, Heart Attack, Stroke, and damage to the Coronary Artery or blood vessels.

Preparation and Procedure:
Prior to Angioplasty, your doctor will assess your medical history, conduct physical examinations, and perform various tests. Instructions for preparation may include 
temporarily stopping certain medications, 
informing the doctor of any allergies to contrast dye, and 
fasting for a specific period before the procedure. 
During the Angioplasty procedure, a sedative is administered, an intravenous catheter is inserted, and a small incision is made to access the blood vessel. A catheter tube is then guided into the artery with the help of X-ray images, a contrast dye is used to identify blockages, and a balloon is inflated at the blocked site with the placement of a drug-coated stent if needed.

Post-Procedure and Cost:

Following Angioplasty, you may need to stay in the hospital for observation, with Heart function monitoring. Recovery typically involves avoiding strenuous exercise, staying hydrated, and taking prescribed medications. 
The cost of Angioplasty in Chennai, India, ranges from approximately 1.2 lakhs to 1.6 lakhs, depending on the hospital and city. If you experience symptoms like Chest pain and shortness of breath, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention.

Why Choose Gleneagles HealthCity at Perumbakkam - Sholinganallur, Chennai?

Gleneagles HealthCity at Perumbakkam - Sholinganallur, Chennai is recognized as a leading Cardiac hospital, offering high-quality Cardiac care. With a team of expert Cardiologists, advanced diagnostic techniques, and world-class infrastructure, they provide comprehensive Cardiac services.

To book an appointment or learn more about Angioplasty costs in Chennai, visit our website or contact them directly.

Angioplasty is an effective procedure for treating blocked or narrowed Heart arteries, restoring blood flow, and improving symptoms associated with Coronary Artery Disease. Understanding the types, risks, preparation, and costs associated with angioplasty can help patients make informed decisions and seek appropriate medical care for their Cardiovascular Health.

Doctor in HIghlights:
Dr Gobu P
Senior Consultant & Interventional Cardiologist – Institute of Cardiac Sciences
MD. (Gen. Med), DM (Cardiology), FIMSA, FESC

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a crucial band of tissue that provides stability and mobility to the Knee joint by holding the bones together. ACL Injuries or tears are common Knee injuries, often seen in athletes engaged in high-intensity activities like running and jumping. The pain caused by an ACL Tear is excruciating and can be debilitating, rendering the joint incapable of bearing weight or allowing normal movement. 

How to recognize an ACL Injury? 

 The symptoms of an ACL Injury are hard to miss due to the intensity of pain. They typically include: 

1. Sudden onset of pain 
2. Popping sound at the time of injury 
3. Severe pain that restricts joint mobility 
4. Loss of joint stability 
5. Rapid swelling and inflammation of the knee 

Recognizing these symptoms is crucial as ACL injuries require immediate medical attention to prevent further damage to the knee joint. 

What are the risks of ACL Injury? 

 Several factors increase the risk of ACL Injury, including: 

1. Anatomical and hormonal factors that make women more vulnerable. 
2. Engaging in contact sports and high-intensity activities like soccer, basketball, and gymnastics 
3. Poor exercise form, such as incorrect knee positioning during lunges or squats 
4. Ill-fitted footwear 
5. Playing sports on artificial turf 
6. Use of poorly maintained or low-quality gym equipment 

Diagnosis and Tests for ACL Injury: 

 Along with a physical examination, doctors may recommend the following tests to diagnose an ACL Injury: 

• X-rays: Used to rule out fractures but cannot reveal tissue injuries like ACL Tears. 
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An imaging test that provides detailed images of both hard and soft tissues, helping assess the extent of the ACL Injury and any additional damage. 
• Ultrasound: Utilizes soundwaves to create visuals of internal structures, aiding in the identification of ACL injuries. 

Treatment of ACL Injury: 

Treatment for ACL Injuries varies depending on the severity. Minor injuries may be managed with first aid, rest, and the use of crutches. Anti-inflammatory medications can help reduce swelling and relieve pain. Physical therapy is crucial for recovery, including exercises to restore joint mobility and strengthen the surrounding muscles. In severe cases, ACL Knee Surgery may be recommended. 

Know About ACL Knee Surgery: 

 ACL Knee Surgery, known as ACL Reconstruction, involves removing the damaged ligament and replacing it with a graft made of similar tissue or tendon. This graft will eventually grow to replace the torn ACL. Full Knee function is typically restored within a year.  

BGS Hospital is renowned for its expert Orthopaedic Surgeons, making it a top destination for ACL Knee Surgery. The skilled Orthopaedic team ensures high success rates and provides excellent pre- and post-operative care. 

Can you work with a torn ACL?  

For sedentary jobs, a week's rest may be sufficient, but jobs involving standing or physical activity may require 5 to 6 months of rest before resuming work. 

Recognizing the symptoms, understanding the risks, and seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing ACL Injuries effectively. Prompt medical attention and proper care can help individuals recover and regain their active lifestyles. 

BGS Gleneagles Hospital

Pancreatic Stones are formed due to the excessive deposition of calcium in the Pancreas. These stones obstruct the flow of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the Small Intestine, which can lead to damage of the Organ and various health problems. The Pancreas plays a vital role in producing digestive enzymes, as well as releasing insulin and glucagon to regulate Blood Sugar levels. In addition to Pancreatic Stones, Gallbladder Stones can also block the path of enzymes through the common bile duct.
Pancreatic Stones are commonly found in individuals diagnosed with Pancreatitis, which is characterized by inflammation and irritation of the Pancreas. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic, and the treatment approach may differ accordingly.

What causes Pancreatic Stones?
Excessive alcohol consumption, high levels of triglycerides in the blood, smoking, a family history of pancreatic stones, pancreatic cancer, infections in the pancreas, metabolic disorders such as diabetes, and high levels of calcium in the blood are all known causes. Understanding these risk factors can help individuals take necessary precautions and seek appropriate medical attention when needed.

Excessive alcohol consumption
High levels of triglycerides in the blood
Smoking
Family history of pancreatic stones
Pancreatic cancer
Infections in the pancreas
Metabolic disorders such as diabetes
High levels of calcium in the blood

How to recognise Pancreatic Stones?
Swollen and tender Abdomen leading to mild to severe Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever

Treatment Options for Pancreatic Stones
For small Pancreatic Stones, the most common and effective treatment is a medical procedure called Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This minimally invasive procedure has shown excellent results in removing small stones.
However, larger stones may require alternative treatments. In the past, surgery was the only option, but with advancements in medical technology, Lithotripsy has become another popular treatment method. Lithotripsy, commonly used for Kidney and Gallbladder Stone removal, involves using shockwaves to break down the stones into smaller pieces, allowing them to pass through the Pancreatic Duct more easily.

Know more about Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):

ERCP, or Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography, is a medical procedure used by doctors to diagnose and treat problems related to the Bile and Pancreatic Ducts. It is typically performed when there is a narrowing or blockage in these ducts due to various conditions such as Gllstones, infection, Pancreatitis (acute or chronic), trauma or surgical complications, Pancreatic Pseudocysts, or tumors/cancers of the Bile Ducts or Pancreas.
However, for diagnostic purposes alone, doctors may opt for noninvasive tests like magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), which is safer and can also provide information about bile and pancreatic duct problems without physically entering the body.

What to expect after ERCP?
Before undergoing ERCP, it is essential to communicate with your doctor regarding any allergies, medical conditions, and medications you are taking. Certain medications that affect blood clotting or interact with sedatives may need to be temporarily stopped before the procedure. Sedatives are administered during ERCP to help the patient relax and stay comfortable.
If you are pregnant, it is important to inform your doctor, as adjustments can be made to protect the fetus from x-rays. ERCP is generally considered safe during pregnancy.

Pre and Post Operative Care:
On the day of the procedure, an IV needle will be placed in your arm to provide sedation. You may also receive a liquid anesthetic to gargle or have anesthetic sprayed on the back of your throat to numb the area and prevent gagging. The procedure is typically performed by a doctor with specialized training in ERCP at a hospital or outpatient center.
You will lie on an examination table while the doctor inserts an endoscope—a thin, flexible tube with a camera—through your mouth, esophagus, stomach, and into the duodenum. The endoscope helps visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract, and air may be pumped in to improve visibility.
During ERCP, the doctor locates the opening where the bile and pancreatic ducts empty into the duodenum and inserts a catheter through the endoscope into the ducts. A special dye, known as contrast medium, is injected through the catheter to make the ducts more visible on x-rays. Fluoroscopy, a type of x-ray imaging, is then used to examine the ducts and identify narrowed areas or blockages. The doctor may also use various tools passed through the endoscope to open blocked or narrowed ducts, remove or break up stones, perform biopsies, remove tumors, or insert stents to keep narrowed ducts open.
After the procedure, you will typically stay at the hospital or outpatient center for 1 to 2 hours to allow the sedation or anesthesia to wear off. In some cases, an overnight stay may be required. You may experience bloating or nausea temporarily and have a sore throat for 1 to 2 days. Once your swallowing returns to normal, you can resume a normal diet. Resting at home for the remainder of the day is recommended.
It is crucial to follow any post-procedure instructions provided by your healthcare team for proper care and recovery. If you have any concerns or questions, consult with your doctor or healthcare professional.

It is important to recognise the symptoms of Pancreatic Stones and seek prompt diagnosis and treatment. If left untreated, pancreatic stones can lead to conditions such as acute and chronic pancreatitis. The removal of pancreatic stones has become easier with modern technologies. pancreatic stones are formed due to excessive calcium deposition in the pancreas, leading to obstruction of the flow of digestive enzymes. They often occur in individuals with pancreatitis and can cause various health problems if left untreated. Recognizing the symptoms, understanding the risk factors, and seeking appropriate medical attention are essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. With advancements in medical technology, procedures like ERCP and lithotripsy offer minimally invasive options for removing pancreatic stones and restoring normal pancreatic function. If you suspect pancreatic stones or have concerns about your pancreatic health, consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and guidance.

Consult with a healthcare professional to discuss your symptoms, get an accurate diagnosis, and explore the available treatment options.

Dr Bhupathi Rajendra Prasad
Consultant – Surgical Gastroenterologist

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article belong solely to the author and do not reflect the opinions or views of the organization.

The Liver, which is situated just below the Diaphragm and occupies most of the right-upper quadrant of the Abdomen, is the largest solid Organ inside the body.
The Liver is divided into two main lobes, each containing 4 segments, which in turn consist of 1,000 small lobes known as Lobules. The lobules are linked to tiny ducts that merge to form larger ducts, ultimately forming the common Hepatic Duct. This duct carries Bile produced by the Liver cells to the Gallbladder and Duodenum (the initial segment of the Small Intestine) through the Common Bile Duct. The gall bladder stores the bile and when food comes in small intestine, it contracts and releases the bile into intestine to help in digestion and absorption of food.
The Liver plays a critical role in circulating the absorbed substances by the Digestive Tract through the Portal Venous Circulation. Additionally, the Liver is closely associated with the Biliary System, which comprises the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts, and is necessary for the normal digestive process.

Functions of the Liver:
The Liver is the main factory in the body, significantly responsible for the body's metabolic processes, including filtering toxins from the blood, regulating cholesterol levels, producing bile for digestion, and storing essential vitamins and minerals. It also plays a key role in regulating Blood Sugar levels, producing proteins necessary for blood clotting, and breaking down medications and other substances. It is also responsible for maintaining adequate immune system function. Without a functioning Liver, the body would not be able to perform these vital functions and sustain life.

Liver Diseases:
The complexity of the Liver and its involvement in numerous diseases means that it can be vulnerable to a host of conditions. The spectrum of liver diseases can range from acute Liver Failure, wherein a normal pre-existing liver has rapidly failed due to toxic ingestion or some drug toxicity or viral infection or so, to progressive worsening over a period of time like alcohol related or Fatty Liver related or other metabolic and auto-Immune processes. Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure is when a patient with early Liver Disease with no obvious symptoms, rapidly progresses into end stage Liver Disease with Organ failures like an acute liver failure.
Even children as young as few months of life, can present Liver Diseases like Biliary Atresia, Neonatal Hepatitis and so on. Infections like Liver abscesses or Hydatid cysts can have their own impact on this vital Organ.
Cancers like primary Liver Cancer, Bile duct cancer, Cancers which have spread from other part of the body like Colon Cancer and so on also exist. With so much at stake, understanding these
issues is essential for ongoing health management - though sadly not all cases will have happy endings if swift intervention isn't taken when needed.

Common causes of Liver Diseases:
Alcohol use is the predominant cause of Liver Diseases, upto 50% of cases in adults. Next common cause, which can soon overtake alcohol use is Fatty Liver. Fatty Liver not only causes Liver Disease, but it is also associated with metabolic syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Cardiovascular Diseases. Other causes of Liver Diseases like Viral Hepatitis (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C), metabolic diseases like Wilson’s disease, Autoimmune-related Liver Diseases, Vascular Liver Diseases like Hepatic outflow tract obstruction.
Diagnosis of Liver Diseases:
Liver Disease often goes unrecognized in its early, asymptomatic stages. Since Liver is one Organ with a large reserve, many patients manifest the symptoms only when more 80-90% of the organ is compromised. Only periodic health check-ups, especially those with risk factors like family of Diabetes, alcohol use disorder, presence of Hepatitis B and so on.

Typical symptoms of end-stage Liver Disease include
Dull pain in the right upper Abdomen;
Jaundice (a yellowing of Skin and Eyes);
dark colored urine;
swelling in Legs and belly
Increased risk of bleeding
Easy forgetfulness
Loss of muscle mass, skin darkening
any other evidence suggestive of Liver dysfunction.
Your physician will take a detailed health history before ordering standard lab tests including Liver Function Test (LFT), INR scores etc., while additional specific screenings such as Hepatitis Viral Serology may be recommended depending on your case profile. Imaging studies like ultrasounds can identify basic structural issues while CT scans and MRIs are employed to capture more precise imaging details with 3D view if indicated by that initial clinical evaluation process.

Liver Transplant
Liver Transplantation is a medical procedure in which a diseased or damaged Liver is replaced with a healthy Liver from a donor. The procedure is typically recommended for individuals with end-stage Liver Disease, which is a condition in which the Liver can no longer function properly, leading to life-threatening complications.

When does an individual need a Liver Transplant?

1. Progressive end-stage Liver Cirrhosis with MELD score greater than 15
2. Complications of Liver Cirrhosis such as Hepatic Encephalopathy (altered behavior, forgetfulness, coma), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous infection of water in Abdomen), Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer), hepatopulmonary syndrome (progressive breathing difficulty because of Liver Disease)
3. Acute Liver Failure: A clinical syndrome entity wherein a patient with no pre-existing Liver Disease, develops Jaundice followed by Encephalopathy (Liver coma) within 4 weeks
4. Liver Diseases in children such as Extra-hepatic Biliary Atresia, Metabolic Liver Disease, Hepatoblastoma
5. Hereditary diseases such as Wilsons Disease, Hereditary hemochromatosis, Hereditary hyperoxaluria.

Patients who are considered for a Liver Transplant must undergo a thorough evaluation to determine their candidacy for the procedure. The evaluation takes into account various factors such as the severity of Liver Disease, overall health, and the presence of other medical conditions. Ultimately, the decision to undergo a Liver Transplant is made on a case-by-case basis in consultation with the patient's medical team.
Liver Transplant is a complex but transformative procedure, requiring the expert hand of experienced Surgeons. The process begins with dissection which allows for the isolation and transection of various structures; namely, Inferior Vena Cava, Portal Vein, Hepatic Artery, and Bile Duct - before removal of diseased liver can take place. After successful implantation has occurred with healthy liver graft from a donor, these vessels must be restored in order to allow blood flow throughout.

Know more about the types of Liver Transplant
• Split Donor Transplant
Split Donor Transplantation, or Partial Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation as it is also known, offers a promising solution for increasing the number of available organs and reducing wait times for patients needing Transplants. In this procedure, the deceased donor's organ is divided into two parts - typically with the larger right Lobe being used in adults and smaller left portion reserved primarily for children. To ensure satisfactory outcomes from Split Livers however, careful selection of recipients and the adequacy of the cadaver liver studied beforehand.
• Cadaveric Transplant/ Deceased Donor Transplant
Transplantation of organs or tissues from a deceased donor is referred to as Cadaveric Transplant. In such cases, Brain death due to road traffic accident or some other intracranial bleed serves as criteria for selection. When an individual encounters a tragic event that leaves the body with significant damage, organ donations are often made in order to benefit others. Transplant operations take into account numerous factors; including quality and functionality of
available organs along with potential recipient's age and medical history (prior approval being granted by governing bodies).
• Whole Liver Transplant
When the Liver no longer functions due to diseases like Cirrhosis, Hepatitis, or Cancer necessitates a Transplantation of a healthy donor organ. Thus commences an operation wherein the failing Liver is replaced with one from a compatible match in terms of blood type and size - providing hope for those whose only chance at survival lies in such initiatives.
• Paediatric Liver Transplant
Liver transplantation in children is a complex yet potentially life-saving procedure. In it, the recipient's failing Liver is replaced with one from either a living or deceased donor. This process requires careful connection of Blood Vessels and Bile Ducts between both parties. Such endeavour becomes necessary for conditions such as Biliary Atresia, metabolic diseases, tumours and other cases when medical treatment fails to yield an adequate result. Thus, Paediatric Transplants provide hope for those suffering from end-stage Liver failure or disease who have no alternative options available to them.
• Adult Liver Transplant
Liver Transplantation offers a viable treatment solution for adults with irreversible Liver damage, such as Cirrhosis and Hepatitis. A successful Adult Liver Transplant requires the expertise of multiple specialists who carefully assess both donor eligibility and patient health to ensure optimum success rates post-operatively. The intricate surgery itself involves attaching Blood Vessels and Bile Ducts from both recipient and donor in order to provide the body with an organ necessary for continued function.

Why Liver Transplant – Benefits
• Improved life expectancy
• Improved quality of life
• Reduced risk of Cancer
• Improved mental health