Despite warnings from viral epidemiologists and scientists, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caught most of the world by surprise. Although it has wreaked havoc on communities worldwide, researchers and pharmaceutical companies rose to the challenge, creating vaccines within record-breaking time. However, this accomplishment alone will not suffice to overcome the pandemic. Widespread vaccination is necessary for populations to reach herd immunity, a condition in which a large enough percentage of the population is immune to an infectious disease, thereby providing indirect protection to the entire population. 

When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated against an infectious disease like COVID-19, the risk of infection and transmission is significantly reduced. This means that the population is less likely to experience large-scale outbreaks, allowing life to return to normal. Of course, does not address every concern about the impact of vaccination on immunity.

Does COVID-19 Vaccination Offer Complete Protection against Infection and is it advisable or necessary for you to get vaccinated if you have previously suffered from Covid-19 infection?

At present, India has three COVID-19 vaccines that are approved for use – Covaxin, Covishield, and Sputnik V. All of these are non-replicating vaccines, including inactivated or subunit and nucleic acid vaccines. While Covaxin has been developed indigenously, Covishield is the Indian version of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine, and Sputnik V was developed in Russia. All three vaccines have been found to be effective at preventing COVID-19 infection with high levels of efficacy ranging from 63.09% to 92%. All of the vaccines available in India have undergone numerous phases of trials to ensure their safety and efficacy as pointed out by the Government of India and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW).

At the same time, you should keep in mind that no vaccine offers 100% protection against infection. However, the risk of infection is considerably lower and the risk of severe COVID-19 infection is even lower. As mentioned earlier, the risk of infection is also reduced as a larger percentage of the population gets vaccinated. All COVID-19 vaccines that are approved for use in India must also be administered in two dosages. This means that you can still get infected before receiving the second dose of the vaccine. This is why it is important to continue to exercise caution even after receiving your first dose.

Is vaccination safe and necessary for those who have been previously infected with COVID-19?

The Government of India and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) recommends that all individuals who have previously tested positive for COVID-19 and have fully recovered should receive the vaccine. This will help to strengthen the immune response against the virus as infection with COVID-19 is believed to only provide protection for a limited duration. Moreover, research suggests that people who have been previously infected show a better response to vaccination and may get the same immune benefits from a single dose as most people get from two doses.  It is best to wait for one to two months after recovery from COVID symptoms before seeking vaccination.

Individuals who have recently tested positive or are suspected to have COVID-19 infection should wait for at least two weeks post-recovery to seek vaccination as they could pose a high risk of transmitting the virus to others at the vaccination site.

Can I Resume Normal Activities After Getting Fully Vaccinated?

Eventually, we will all be able to return to normal life after we have been vaccinated. However, this also requires vaccination of a large section of the population to reach herd immunity. While getting vaccinated does provide protection against possible infection and severe COVID-19 symptoms, it does not provide 100% protection. It is also part of our social responsibility to continue complying with precautionary measures including hand-washing, mask-wearing, and social distancing. Doing so will make it easier for us to overcome the pandemic not just as individuals, but as a society.

Vaccination is regarded as the best defence against infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making it especially important for those at a high risk of severe COVID infection. As patients suffering from cardiovascular or heart disease fall into this category, it is advisable for them to get vaccinated as soon as possible to lower the risk of infection.

According to a Cardiological Society of India statement published in the Indian Heart Journal, COVID-19 patients who suffer from cardiovascular disease are at a significantly higher risk of complications and fatalities. Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, nearly 30% experience cardiac injury and 40% of fatalities are linked to cardiac complications.

This is why you should seek vaccination as soon as possible if you suffer from heart disease. Likewise, it is advisable to get family members who suffer from heart disease vaccinated against COVID-19. At present this is regarded as the most effective strategy for protecting those with heart disease or cardiovascular risk factors from COVID-19 infection.

At the same time, concerns about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination for patients with such preexisting conditions are understandable.

Can Covid vaccines worsen the condition or cause side effects that further jeopardize your health if you are an existing cardiovascular or heart disease patient?

Some heart disease patients and caregivers have concerns about the vaccine itself causing infection. This is not possible with the COVID-19 vaccines that are currently in use as they do not have a live virus and are non-replicating vaccines, including inactivated or subunit and nucleic acid vaccines. However, vaccines can cause mild to moderate side effects as your immune system responds to the vaccine. Such side effects are indicative that the vaccine is working, although everyone responds differently and not everyone will necessarily experience side effects.

Common side effects of COVID-19 vaccination include pain at the site of the injection, lethargy, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain. These side effects are outweighed by the benefits of vaccination because of the risk of severe COVID-19 in heart patients. As pointed out by the World Health Organization, heart patients who also suffer from compromised immunity, are pregnant, or have a history of allergic reactions (particularly to vaccines) should discuss these concerns with their health care provider before getting vaccinated.

An aneurysm occurs when a spot on the arterial wall weakens causing a bulge that could rupture leading to a life-threatening situation. A ruptured brain aneurysm needs immediate medical assistance to prevent further neurological damage.

Symptoms of Brain Aneurysm

Brain aneurysms do not normally showcase any noticeable symptoms until they rupture. Here are some of the most common symptoms of brain aneurysms based on their stages:

Unruptured Aneurysm

Tiny unruptured aneurysms do not showcase any symptoms. However, a large one can produce the following symptoms:

• Pain above and behind one eye
• Dilated pupil
• Change in vision
• Double vision
• Numbness of one side of the face

Ruptured Aneurysm

Common signs and symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm include:

• Sudden, extremely severe headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stiff neck
• Blurred or double vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Seizure
• A drooping eyelid
• Loss of consciousness
• Confusion

Leaking Aneurysm

In some cases, an aneurysm may leak a minimal amount of blood that may cause sudden, extremely severe headaches.

When to See a Doctor?

If you notice any of the above-mentioned symptoms or experience sudden headaches that cause excruciating pain, you must visit a doctor immediately.

Common Causes of Brain Aneurysm

Brain aneurysms are usually associated with age and develop in adults above the age of 40. However, younger individuals, including children, can develop the condition as a result of congenital blood vessel defects, head trauma, genetic disorders, or connective tissue disorders.

Other risk factors for developing brain aneurysms can include the presence of underlying conditions such as:

• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Infections
• Tumor or cancer in the head or neck
• Family history and genetics
• Lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse)

Diagnosis of Brain Aneurysm

• CT Angio of the brain: A technician injects a contrasting dye into a vein to make it easier to see the blood flow and determine the aneurysm spot in the brain.
• MRI Angio of the brain: MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses radio waves or magnetic fields to curate a precise and detailed image of the brain and blood vessels.
• Digital Subtraction Angiography: DSA shows weak spots in the blood vessels. It is considered to be the most reliable test for detecting aneurysms.
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Test: This diagnostic test involves putting a needle into the draw spinal fluid and then testing it to see if it contains blood which could indicate the rupture of an aneurysm.

Treatment of Brain Aneurysm

• Surgical Clipping: This is a surgical procedure to close off an aneurysm. It involves a trained neurosurgeon who removes a section of the skull to access the aneurysm. The surgeon then places a tiny metal clip to block blood flow to the aneurysm.
• Endovascular Coiling: In this procedure, the surgeon inserts a catheter (a hollow plastic tube) into an artery and then threads it through the body to the aneurysm. They then guide a wire that pushes a soft platinum wire through the catheter. This platinum wire coils up inside the aneurysm disrupting the blood flow to it.

Enquire Now

BGS Gleneagles Hospital provides the best treatment for brain aneurysms. We house the best neurosurgeons and cutting-edge technology for accurate diagnosis and treatment of the condition. For more details, contact us now.

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection that has been on the rise in India. It can be caused by exposure to certain types of mold and spores. The fungus spreads through the body, destroying healthy tissue and organs. There is an unusual rise in Mucormycosis cases among Covid-19 patients. A recent study found that the second wave of Mucormycosis cases are those who have recovered from the first wave of Covid-19 but still have uncontrolled diabetes or were treated with steroids. This means that these people are more likely to be infected by mucormycosis during their recovery period rather than being at risk for it before they even contracted COVID as well as after recovery from the virus itself.

Watch Dr Prashanth Reddy, Chief ENT and endoscopic skull base surgeon at BGS Gleneagles Hospital as he talks about all the things you need to know about Mucormycosis.

What is Mucormycosis?

What are the initial symptoms of Mucormycosis?

How do we diagnose Mucormycosis?

Why is there a sudden rise in Mucormycosis cases in the second wave?

What is the treatment of Mucormycosis?

Why is there an anti-fungal shortage?

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Hemorrhoids, most commonly known as piles, are normal swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids are of two main types - internal and external. Internal hemorrhoids develop inside the rectum while external hemorrhoids develop under the skin around the anus. Another type that results from the clotting of blood due to external hemorrhoids and very painful is called thrombosed external hemorrhoids.

This is an extremely common condition. 80%-90% of the world’s population suffer from hemorrhoids at least once in a lifetime. There is no need to be alarmed as it can be successfully treated, often with simple lifestyle changes. Surgery is only reserved for a relative few only!

Symptoms Of Hemorrhoids

External Hemorrhoids

• Itching or irritation in the anal region
• Painful bowel movements
• Discomfort
• Swelling around the anus
• Bleeding

Internal Hemorrhoids

• Painless bleeding during bowel movements
• Fecal leakage

Thrombosed Haemorrhoids

• Extreme pain
• Swelling & inflammation
• Hard lump near the anus

Causes Of Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids occur when veins around the anus stretch due to pressure or swelling. This pressure results from:

• Straining while passing bowels
• Sitting for too long in the toilet
• Suffering from chronic diarrhea or constipation
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Regular anal intercourse
• Consumption of low-fibre diet

Treatment of Piles

Hemorrhoids can sometimes be extremely painful and discomforting, in certain cases even embarrassing. Piles Treatment can be successfully done depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some of the most common treatment approaches are as follows:

• Medication: If the condition causes mild pain or discomfort, the doctors may suggest certain medications, ointments, suppositories, or pads. They help with the pain and itching. It is suggested to consult a doctor before using any over-the-counter medication or creams.
• Rubber Band Ligation: Rubber band ligation is a minimally invasive treatment procedure in which two small rubber bands are placed around the base of the internal hemorrhoid. This simply cuts off the circulation around it and the hemorrhoid withers and eventually falls off within a few days’ time.
• Coagulation: Coagulation is another surgical treatment that uses laser, heat, or infrared light to harden internal hemorrhoids resulting in them falling off. This treatment can have a few manageable side effects and may cause some pain or discomfort or discharge.

Other Surgical Treatments for Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoidectomy: This is a complex surgical procedure in which excessive tissues that cause bleeding are removed. This procedure is one of the most effective ways of treating severe or recurring hemorrhoids. Most of them tolerate this well but in a rare few certain complication can arise post-surgery which may include temporary difficulty in passing urine, and rarely UTI (urinary tract infection).

Hemorrhoidectomy is generally done under regional anesthesia combined with sedation or general anesthesia.

Hemorrhoid Stapling: Hemorrhoid stapling is medically termed as hemorrhoidopexy or stapled anopexy. It is a procedure that blocks the flow to the hemorrhoidal tissue and is used for treating internal hemorrhoids. Although it is less painful than a formal open hemorrhoidectomy, it can often have serious sideeffects such as recurrence, rectal prolapse, bleeding, urinary retention, or sepsis (life-threatening blood infection). These complications occurring are very rare but worthwhile to consult a specialist doctor before making any decisions.

Easy Ways of Preventing Hemorrhoids

• Consuming Fiber-rich Foods: Include fiber-rich foods and vegetables in your diet. This helps soften the stool and prevents straining that often causes hemorrhoids.
• Keep Yourself Well-Hydrated: Keeping yourself well-hydrated will keep your stools soft and prevent straining. Drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water and other non-alcoholic beverages every day.
• Avoid Straining: Straining or holding your breath while passing stool can exert more pressure on the veins in the lower rectum causing them to rupture, leading to hemorrhoids.
• Don’t Hold the Urge To Pass Stool: If you do not go as soon as you feel the urge to pass stool, it may dry out and become harder to pass later.
• Avoid Sitting for Prolonged Periods: Sitting for too long, especially on the toilet, can exert pressure on the veins in the anus.
• Exercise: Regular exercise can help prevent constipation which in turn helps prevent hemorrhoids.

Why BGS Gleneagles Hospital for Piles Treatment?

BGS Gleneagles Hospital is one of the best Quaternary care superspeciality hospitals in Bangalore as it houses the top surgeons with superspeciality expertise and doctors who are extremely skilled and knowledgeable. The Team is also backed with highly trained support staff, world-class technology, and state-of-the-art infrastructure making BGS Gleneagles Hospital the best suited to look after your problems in Bangalore.

Ulcer

Ulcers are painful sores that develop on the lining of the digestive tract, which includes the oesophagus, stomach and small intestine. The digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that provides protection against the acids in the stomach. When these acids increase in amount, they damage the mucous coating and lead to the development of ulcers. They can be extremely painful and uncomfortable. Therefore, ulcer treatment at the earliest is extremely crucial.

Symptoms of Ulcer

Mentioned below are some of the most common symptoms of ulcers:

• Burning stomach pain
• Feeling of fullness
• Bloating
• Intolerance to fatty foods
• Nausea
• Heartburn
• Discomfort

Some of the rare symptoms of severe ulcers include:

• Vomiting
• Blood in vomit
• Blood in stools
• Dark/ Black stools
• Breathing difficulties
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Unintentional weight loss
• Changes in appetite

Causes Of Ulcer

Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori): This bacterium dwells in the mucous layer that provides protection to the tissues lining the stomach and the small intestine. It generally causes no harm, but when increased in number, it can cause inflammation in the stomach's inner layer which results in the development of painful ulcers. Mild stomach ulcer treatment is possible with medications, however, it is essential that you take quick actions.

Certain Medications: Regular or excess usage of certain pain relief medications, over-the-counter medications, prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause irritation and inflammation in the lining of the stomach and small intestine leading to the development of ulcers.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare cause of ulcers. It increases the production of acids in the body that damage the lining and lead to the formation of ulcers. This syndrome is extremely rare and causes less than 1% of all ulcers.

Diagnosis and Tests Of Ulcer

Endoscopy: This test is done to examine your upper digestive tract to determine the presence of an ulcer. In the process, your doctor will pass an endoscope (a tube with a tiny camera lens on it) down your throat to your oesophagus, stomach and small intestine. If your doctor suspects the presence of an ulcer, a small tissue sample is taken for histopathology, to look for presence of H. pylori in your stomach lining, or other cause of ulcers, which will help them chart your ulcer treatment.

Lab Test For Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori: Other noninvasive tests for H. pylori are, Urease breath test (UBT), stool antigen test and serological markers from blood.

The Urease breath test is based on the ability of H.pylori to convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In this patients is asked to consume urea with uncommon isotope - radioactive carbon. The H. pylori bacterium reacts with radioactive carbon and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia. You will be asked to blow into a bag which will later be tested for the traces of CO2. The presence of CO2 will confirm H. pylori in your body and the doctors will begin your treatment accordingly.

It is advised to not take any medications without consulting your doctor, prior to the test, as it can, interfere in the testing process and tamper with the test results.

Medications For Ulcer

Mild ulcers can be easily treated with medications such as the following:

• Antibiotic: Since H. pylori is considered to be the main reason for ulcers, your doctor may recommend antibiotics to kill the bacteria and treat ulcers effectively.
• Acid Blockers: Certain acids produced in the stomach can damage the mucosal lining and lead to ulcers. Medications known as proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can stop the production of such acid and promote healing in the stomach. It can be an efficient treatment of ulcers.
• Antacids: Antacids neutralize the stomach acid and help relieve the pain caused by ulcers. Therefore, your doctor may include certain antacids in your regimen for stomach ulcer treatment.
• Cytoprotective Agents: These are medications that protect the lining of the stomach and the small intestine and prevent ulcers.

Treatment And Prevention Of Ulcer

• Non-surgical Ulcer Treatment: Treatment of ulcers resulting from H.pylori can be easily done with certain medications such as antibiotics, antacids and acid blockers which are considered to be the best for stomach ulcer treatment.
• Surgical Ulcer Treatment: In some rare and severe cases, where a stomach ulcer is recurring, bleeds, or disrupts the digestive process, you may need invasive surgery to treat it. The surgical procedure generally involves removing the entire ulcer and patching the wound spot with a piece of tissue from the intestine.
• Healthy Diet: A healthy diet is a key to a healthy life. A well-nourished diet can maintain the good health of your intestinal tract and prevent ulcers from developing. You can include leafy green vegetables, probiotic-rich foods such as yoghurt, fruits such as apples and berries in your diet.
• Manage Stress: A stressful lifestyle can pave the way for several health complications, and can worsen the symptoms of peptic ulcers. Address the cause of your stress and work towards managing it better. Some effective stress management strategies include journaling, walking & exercising, listening to music, talking to a friend or loved one. If you think you are unable to manage your stress no matter what you do, you must consider counselling or therapy.
• Quit Tobacco: Smoking and tobacco consumption increases your risk of developing stomach ulcers as it can damage the protective lining of the stomach and increase the amounts of stomach acids.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can erode the protective mucosal layer in the stomach and the intestines, leading to inflammation and bleeding which can further lead to peptic, gastric and stomach ulcers. To prevent this, you must limit your alcohol consumption.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the fastest way to cure a stomach ulcer?

Mild ulcers can be easily treated with certain medications. If you think you have any symptoms of ulcers contact your healthcare provider immediately.

How to deal with stomach ulcers?

Antibiotics, antacids and acid-blockers can help you deal with ulcers. However, it is advised to seek professional consultation before taking any such medications.

What antibiotics treat ulcers?

Antibiotics such as amoxicillin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin, tinidazole, metronidazole, etc can help. It is wise to consult your doctor before taking any of these medications.

How long does it take for a stomach ulcer to heal with medication?

The healing time depends on the type and severity of the condition. The period can range anywhere between a couple of weeks to a few months. If you’re facing any discomfort or notice any symptoms of ulcers, contact your doctor immediately.

The anterior cruciate ligament simply referred to as ACL, is a major ligament or tissue band that holds the bones together. This makes it important for ensuring stability and mobility of the knee joint. An ACL injury or tear is a common type of knee injury that can affect anyone, but it is generally seen in competitive athletes. This is because such injuries develop with sudden movements or sharp turns while engaging in high-intensity activities like running or jumping. An ACL tear is impossible to miss as the condition is known to cause excruciating pain to the extent that it is debilitating, and pressure cannot be applied on the joint even to stand or walk.

What Are The Symptoms Of ACL Injury?

An ACL injury is impossible to miss because of the extent of pain caused. Symptoms typically include:

• Sudden pain onset
• Popping sound at the moment of injury
• Pain that severely limits joint mobility
• Loss of joint stability
• Rapid swelling and inflammation of the knee

Any sign of an ACL injury should be regarded as a medical emergency because of the complexity of the knee joint and the risk of further damage with delayed treatment.

Risks For ACL Injury?

Certain factors can increase the risk of an ACL injury, and these include the following:

• Women are more vulnerable due to anatomical and hormonal factors
• Contact sports and high-intensity activities like soccer, basketball, and gymnastics
• Poor forms when exercising, such as bending the knees incorrectly when practising lunges or squats
• Poorly fitted footwear
• Playing sports on artificial turf
• Use of poorly maintained or low-quality gym equipment

Diagnosis And Tests for ACL Injury

In addition to a physical examination, your doctor may also recommend the following tests to diagnose an ACL injury.

• X-rays: These are used to eliminate fractures, but they won’t reveal tissue injuries such as to the ACL.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This type of imaging test is most useful as it depicts both hard and soft tissues, revealing the extent of an ACL injury and any surrounding damage.
• Ultrasound: Ultrasound tests use soundwaves to create visual depictions of internal structures and help identify injuries to the ACL.

Treatment of ACL Injury

Treatment for ACL injuries can vary significantly depending on the severity of the injury. For minor injuries, administration of first aid, rest, and the use of crutches can suffice as treatment. Doctors may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling and relieve pain. As part of recovery, you may also be advised to use a knee brace for added support, especially when walking or engaging in any physical activity.

1. Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is an essential part of the recovery process and is recommended at least a few days in the week to restore joint mobility and strength. Physiotherapy sessions for ACL injuries usually include strength training exercises for the surrounding muscles and to improve range of motion. These exercises can also be practiced at home.

2. ACL Knee Surgery

In case of severe ACL injuries or an ACL tear, the joint cannot bear any load and leaves you debilitated. This can be devastating for athletes or other individuals whose livelihoods depend on an active lifestyle. Depending on your need or the severity of the injury, doctors may recommend ACL knee surgery.

• ACL Reconstruction: During ACL knee surgery, an orthopedic surgeon will remove and replace the damaged ligament with similar tissue or tendon that will grow to replace the torn ACL. The process is also described as a graft. Full knee function is usually restored within a year.BGS Hospital is home to some of the leading orthopedic surgeons, making it a top destination for any kind of ACL knee surgery. The orthopedic team at BGS is experienced and skilled, working together to ensure high success rates, providing both excellent pre-and post-operative care.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can you work with torn ACL?

For a sedentary job, you would simply require a week’s rest, but standing jobs or jobs that require physical activity can only be resumed after 5 to 6 months of rest.

ACL Injury

 22/07/2021

The anterior cruciate ligament simply referred to as ACL, is a major ligament or tissue band that holds the bones together. This makes it important for ensuring stability and mobility of the knee joint. An ACL injury or tear is a common type of knee injury that can affect anyone, but it is generally seen in competitive athletes. This is because such injuries develop with sudden movements or sharp turns while engaging in high-intensity activities like running or jumping. An ACL tear is impossible to miss as the condition is known to cause excruciating pain to the extent that it is debilitating, and pressure cannot be applied on the joint even to stand or walk.

What Are The Symptoms Of ACL Injury?

An ACL injury is impossible to miss because of the extent of pain caused. Symptoms typically include:

• Sudden pain onset
• Popping sound at the moment of injury
• Pain that severely limits joint mobility
• Loss of joint stability
• Rapid swelling and inflammation of the knee

Any sign of an ACL injury should be regarded as a medical emergency because of the complexity of the knee joint and the risk of further damage with delayed treatment.

Risks For ACL Injury?

Certain factors can increase the risk of an ACL injury, and these include the following:

• Women are more vulnerable due to anatomical and hormonal factors
• Contact sports and high-intensity activities like soccer, basketball, and gymnastics
• Poor forms when exercising, such as bending the knees incorrectly when practising lunges or squats
• Poorly fitted footwear
• Playing sports on artificial turf
• Use of poorly maintained or low-quality gym equipment

Diagnosis And Tests for ACL Injury

In addition to a physical examination, your doctor may also recommend the following tests to diagnose an ACL injury.

• X-rays: These are used to eliminate fractures, but they won’t reveal tissue injuries such as to the ACL.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This type of imaging test is most useful as it depicts both hard and soft tissues, revealing the extent of an ACL injury and any surrounding damage.
• Ultrasound: Ultrasound tests use soundwaves to create visual depictions of internal structures and help identify injuries to the ACL.

Treatment of ACL Injury

Treatment for ACL injuries can vary significantly depending on the severity of the injury. For minor injuries, administration of first aid, rest, and the use of crutches can suffice as treatment. Doctors may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling and relieve pain. As part of recovery, you may also be advised to use a knee brace for added support, especially when walking or engaging in any physical activity.

1. Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is an essential part of the recovery process and is recommended at least a few days in the week to restore joint mobility and strength. Physiotherapy sessions for ACL injuries usually include strength training exercises for the surrounding muscles and to improve range of motion. These exercises can also be practiced at home.

2. ACL Knee Surgery

In case of severe ACL injuries or an ACL tear, the joint cannot bear any load and leaves you debilitated. This can be devastating for athletes or other individuals whose livelihoods depend on an active lifestyle. Depending on your need or the severity of the injury, doctors may recommend ACL knee surgery.

• ACL Reconstruction: During ACL knee surgery, an orthopedic surgeon will remove and replace the damaged ligament with similar tissue or tendon that will grow to replace the torn ACL. The process is also described as a graft. Full knee function is usually restored within a year.BGS Gleneagles Hospital is home to some of the leading orthopedic surgeons, making it a top destination for any kind of ACL knee surgery. The orthopedic team at BGS is experienced and skilled, working together to ensure high success rates, providing both excellent pre-and post-operative care.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can you work with torn ACL?

For a sedentary job, you would simply require a week’s rest, but standing jobs or jobs that require physical activity can only be resumed after 5 to 6 months of rest.

How Do I Prepare for the Surgery?

Before surgery, it’s essential that you give the affected joint adequate rest, use crutches if necessary to avoid putting any pressure on the knee. Plan your schedule and activities for pre-a and post-op recovery, making adequate arrangements for leave or assistance as required.

Can you fully recover from a torn ACL?

Recovery can take several months, but if you adhere strictly to treatment recommendations, physiotherapy, and follow-up care, you can make a complete recovery. Some athletes even return to competitive sports within a year of undergoing ACL knee surgery.

An anal fissure is a painful tear in the tissue of the anal canal. It usually affects the superficial layer (epithelium), but in patients with chronic anal fissures, deeper layers (mucosa) of the anal tissue may be affected too.

Anal fissures can occur in patients of any age. The treatment depends on the severity of the fissure. Mild to moderate cases are treated medically. However, in severe cases, surgical approaches can be adopted.

What Are The Causes Of Anal Fissures?

Most often, anal fissures occur due to trauma caused during the passage of, particularly hard stools.Low-fibre diets cause constipation, and therefore the patient strains more during bowel movements. This can also result in injury to the anal mucosa, which can cause fissures.Trauma during childbirth, chronic diarrhoea, previous anal surgery and anal intercourse are some of the less common causes of anal fissures.

What Are The Symptoms Of Anal Fissures?

Some of the most common symptoms of anal fissures include:

• Severe pain during a bowel movement. Pain may continue for several minutes or hours
• Visible tear in the skin surrounding the anus
• Recurring pain with every bowel movement, making the patient unwilling to pass stools, leading to further constipation
• Bright red blood on the toilet paper or stool
• Presence of a skin flap or tag near the anus

What Are The Risks Associated With Anal Fissures?

If left untreated, anal fissures can increase the risks of developing:

• Severe Constipation: As the pain from the fissure becomes unbearable, patients get discouraged from passing stools, and this worsens constipation.
• Fecal impaction: If the fissure causes narrowing of the anal canal, this can lead to hardened stools that get stuck in the rectum.
• Fistulas: These are abnormal connections that can form between the anus and the skin or intestines.
• Development of a skin tag or flap near the anus.

How Are Anal Fissures Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of anal fissures is done using manual examination as well as instrumental investigations.

Digital (using fingers or digits) rectal examination may be performed by the doctor to assess the depth and length of the anal fissure.

You may also be asked to undergo sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy to visualise the fissure and imagining to assess the fistula.

Additionally, your doctor may also recommend routine blood tests to judge your overall health.

How Are Anal Fissures Treated?

Treatment of anal fissures is mainly medical. The main goal of the treatment of fissure is to relieve constipation and to reduce hard stools, as softer stools are less painful for the patient to pass.

Medical therapy involves:

• Bulking agents like fibre supplementation and stool softeners
• Laxatives to regularise bowel movements
• Mineral oils are used to make the passage of stool easier and to lubricate the anal canal
• Sitz baths can be taken after bowel movements to provide pain relief.

In some cases, doctors may prescribe certain ointments to be applied directly to the internal sphincter for relieving the pain. Botulinum Toxin injection may also be used to relieve spasms in the anal sphincter.

Topical anaesthetic creams may also be prescribed to be applied directly on the fissure in order to achieve pain relief.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How do you treat an anal fissure?

Anal fissures are treated by using medications like topical pain-relieving creams, stools softeners and stool bulking agents.

What happens if a fissure goes untreated?

Leaving anal fissures untreated can result in an increased risk of complications like faecal impaction, severe constipation, or fistulas.

Will I need surgery to cure the fissure?

Surgery is indicated in patients in whom:

• Medical therapy failed to resolve the acute fissure.
• Symptomatic chronic fissures seldom heal spontaneously and therefore may need surgical intervention.

How much will a fissure doctor charge on a first visit?

A doctor’s consultation fees are extremely subjective and depend on the doctor you see.

Urology is the branch of medical science that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with the urinary tract of both men and women. Within Urology, some of the specialized fields include:

• Female Urology: The field focuses on conditions related to women's urinary tract.
• Male Urology: The field focuses on conditions related to men's reproductive and urinary tract.
• Neurourology: Focuses on urinary problems related to the nervous system.
• Pediatric Urology: Treats urinary problems in children.
• Urologic Oncology: Focuses on treating cancers of the urinary system.

When to See a Urologist?

Urologists can help you with the below-mentioned diseases:

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): You must see a urologist if you notice symptoms such as pain during urination, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, and fever or blood in the urine.
• Incontinence: Urinary Incontinence is when you can't hold your urine. The causes for this can be varied, and it is best to get yourself checked.
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic Kidney disease can result due to various causes, including hypertension, diabetes, drug-induced, or inflammation of the kidneys. In some cases, it can lead to significant kidney failure needing dialysis/transplant. Kidney disease commonly is asymptomatic but can present with ankle swelling, tiredness, or breathlessness.
• Certain Cancers: Urologists are specialized to treat cancers occurring in the urinary bladder, kidneys, prostate gland, testicles, penis and adrenal glands. These cancers may present with blood in the urine, loin pain, poor flow of urine and sometimes back pain or a palpable lump.
• Male Infertility & Erectile Dysfunction: In 50 per cent of couples with infertility, the cause lies with the man. And it is important that all infertile couples should see a urologist first.
• Erectile Dysfunction: As erectile dysfunction is often a sign of an underlying disease, it is always good to get yourself checked, even if you do not wish to have treatment for ED.
• Prostatitis: It is a condition that causes painful urination or ejaculation that result from infection or inflammation of the prostate. It can also cause pain in the lower back or testicles.
• Kidney and Ureteral Stones: Kidney stones are hard, crystalized deposits that form from minerals in the body. When these stones make their way down the ureters, they are called ureteric stones. Kidney Stones can be asymptomatic or cause loin pain and blood in the urine. When the stone drops into the ureter, it causes severe pain and needs urgent intervention.
• Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes): Testicles form inside the abdomen of the fetus and then descend into the scrotum before or immediately after birth. When this natural process is unfinished, the condition is called cryptorchidism and can have an impact on sperm production and lead to other complications. If you suspect your child to have this condition, please see a urologist.
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or simply enlarged prostate, is a condition that affects 1 in 3 men over the age of 50. The condition results from overgrown cells in the prostate gland that leads to constriction of the urethra (urine pipe), leading to urinary symptoms like poor, intermittent flow and having to frequently wake up at night to pass urine. If left untreated, it can lead to several complications.

Why BGS Gleneagles?

BGS Gleneagles Hospital's Department of Urology houses some of the best urologists in Bangalore. All our doctors are highly trained with a supreme knowledge of their field and impeccable skills. When in their hands, you can expect the best treatment for your condition. All our urologists ensure that they chart the most efficient and fully-tailored treatment plan for you based on your health needs.

Our department has high tech equipment with cutting-edge technology and world-class infrastructure to support our experts and help them get the best, most successful results. In addition, we also have a team of highly trained support staff to back our experts and ensure that our patients are well taken care of.

Our Doctors: Best Urologist In Bangalore

At BGS Gleneagles Hospital's urology department, you will find the best urologists with the highest qualifications and training. Many of our experts are internationally trained and have several years of experience. Our experts ensure that they take enough time to understand the patient's condition thoroughly and plan a treatment regimen based on their health needs and condition. Such a simple patient-centric approach makes BGS Gleneagles Hospital one of the best urology hospitals in Bangalore.

To get in touch with some of the top urologists in Bangalore, visit: https://www.gleneagleshospitals.co.in/book-an-appointment

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Who is a urologist?

Urologists are medical professionals who specialize in treating diseases and conditions that affect the urinary tract.

What conditions does a urologist treat?

Urologists treat conditions related to the urinary tract and reproductive system. Some of the most common conditions treated by urologists include urinary tract infections (UTIs), certain cancers, incontinence, kidney diseases, prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, etc.

Who is the best urologist in Bangalore?

BGS Gleneagles Hospitals has some of the best urologists in Bangalore. You can visit our website and check the profiles of the top urologists.

What are the symptoms I must look out for?

Some of the common symptoms indicating urological conditions include painful urination, blood in urine, difficulty urinating or chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Endoscopy is one of the most useful nonsurgical procedures that allows gastroenterologists to examine a patient’s digestive tract in great detail. The procedure is conducted using an endoscope, which is a flexible tube that has an attached light and camera. The tube is inserted into your body via a small incision or opening such as through the mouth, giving your doctor a clear view of the digestive tract.

Endoscopy is helpful for the visual examination of the digestive tract without the need for large surgical incisions and is used as a diagnostic tool to identify the cause of abnormal symptoms. It may also be used to collect tissue samples, as in the case of an endoscopic biopsy. Endoscopy can also be used to treat certain gastrointestinal conditions such as to stop bleeding from an ulcer or to remove gallstones.

How is Endoscopy Treatment done?

To prepare for upper GI endoscopy or stomach endoscopy, you simply need to abstain from any food or drink (excluding water) for a period of 6 to 8 hours before the procedure. In case of a colonic endoscopy or colonoscopy, the colon must also be cleared of any fecal matter prior to the procedure and you may be advised to take a laxative before the procedure. You should also make it a point to inform your doctors about any medications that you may be taking before undergoing an endoscopy.

An endoscopy is performed under local anesthesia, so you will not experience any discomfort or pain during the procedure although you will remain conscious. During the procedure, the endoscopy tube will be inserted through the mouth, which you will be asked to swallow. The local anesthetic will prevent coughing or gagging as the tube passes through, while a mouth guard will be used to protect your teeth. As the endoscope makes its way through the digestive tract, the tiny camera within it relays detailed images onto a screen. Once your doctor has completed the examination or treatment, the endoscope will be withdrawn from your mouth.

An endoscopy is an outpatient procedure, which means that you will not require any hospitalization after the endoscopy. You will simply need to rest for a couple of days and you may also be advised to take certain medications to relieve symptoms like soreness of the throat, gas, bloating, and cramping that can occur of after an endoscopy.

Benefits and Risks

As is the case with any medical procedure, an endoscopy comes with its own sets of risks and benefits. However, your doctor will only recommend the procedure if the benefits outweigh the risks.

The main benefits of endoscopy are:

• It causes minimal discomfort and is painless
• It is highly efficient and can last between 5 to 20 minutes
• There is no need for post-procedure hospitalization
• It helps with the accurate diagnosis of a wide range of gastrointestinal tract problems including GERD, stomach ulcers, gallstones, pancreatitis, tumors, and other problems

The risks of endoscopy include:

• In some cases, swallowing of the tube can cause minor discomfort
• Minor bleeding or infection that can be treated effectively
• Perforation or tearing of oesophageal or stomach lining in rare cases
• Complications from pre-existing conditions such as widening of gastrointestinal blockage

Endoscopy Cost in Bengaluru

Endoscopy costs can vary considerably, depending on the choice of hospital and the type of endoscopy procedure that is required. For example, the endoscopy price of Upper Gastrointestinal or GI Endoscopy will be different from that for Bronchoscopy or Laparoscopy, all of which are endoscopic procedures.

Make an Enquiry

BGS Gleneagles Hospital, Kengeri, Bengaluru features gastroenterologists with expertise and experience in performing endoscopies and interpreting results. With advanced diagnostic technology, they can ensure the accurate and precise diagnosis of both common and rare GI conditions, ensuring effective treatment. Some of the common endoscopy diagnostics and treatments offered include:

• Upper GI Endoscopy
• Laryngoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Capsule Endoscopy