Overview: Angiogram

A coronary angiogram is a procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your heart's blood vessels. Coronary angiograms are part of a general group of procedures known as heart (cardiac) catheterizations. Cardiac catheterization procedures can both diagnose and treat heart and blood vessel conditions. A coronary angiogram, which can help diagnose heart conditions, is the most common type of cardiac catheterization procedure.

During a coronary angiogram, a type of dye that's visible by an X-ray machine is injected into the blood vessels of your heart. The X-ray machine rapidly takes a series of images (angiograms), offering a look at your blood vessels.

A slim catheter (a flimsy, empty plastic cylinder) is strung through the biggest supply route in your body (the aorta) by means of the wrist or the groin artery until it arrives at the coronary artery of the heart. An extraordinary x-ray beam delicate color (contrast) is infused and dynamic x-rays are taken of the veins as the differentiation travels through them.

Why is it done?

The test is generally done to see if there's a restriction in blood flow going to the heart.

Your doctor may recommend that you have a coronary angiogram if you have:

• Chest pain (angina)
• Ache in your chest, jaw, neck or arm that can't be explained by other tests
• New or increasing chest pain (unstable angina)
• A heart defect you were born with (congenital heart disease)
• Abnormal results on a noninvasive heart stress test
• Other blood vessel ailments or a chest injury
• A heart valve problem that needs surgery

How does an angiogram work?

A small amount of a radioactive tracer emits x-rays of the bloodstream. The tracer “tags” red blood cells, making it possible to gather images of blood circulation in the heart. X-rays will detect the traces. After the x-rays are converted into an electrical signal, they go to a computer, which creates an image of the chambers of the heart.

How can you prepare for the angiogram test?

In few cases, coronary angiograms are performed on an emergency basis. Mostly, though, they're scheduled in advance, giving you time to prepare.

The Angiograms are performed in the catheterization (cath) lab of a hospital. The hospital team will give you specific instructions and talk to you about any medicines you take. General guidelines include:

• Don't eat or drink anything after midnight before your angiogram.
• Plenty of clear fluids up to 3 hours prior to a booked angiogram.
• Take all your medications to the hospital with you in their original bottles. Ask your doctor about whether to take your usual morning medications.
• If you have diabetes, ask your doctor if you should take insulin or other oral medications before your angiogram.

Medications:

• Please acquire every one of your meds with their unique packaging. You might have to stop, start, or change a portion of your medications before the angiogram procedure starts.
• You will get a letter with significant directions about taking your meds, also, your arrangement date. Kindly read this data cautiously.

General:

• On the off chance that you get directions to shave the groin area, adhere to these guidelines. On the off chance that you do not get directions to shave the area, it implies the medical caretaker will do it for you when you go to the hospital.

Valuables:

• Do not bring cash, valuables, or a lot of personal items and clothing
• Remove all jewellery and nail polish. You may keep your glasses, hearing aid (s), and denture(s) on during the procedure.
• Wear loose-fitting clothes and flat shoes.

Risk factors: Angiogram

An Angiogram is not performed in the accompanying cases:

• A critical history of an unfavourably susceptible response to differentiate color
• Pregnancy
• Presence of bleeding disorders
• Presence of kidney disorders
• Using blood-thinning prescriptions

What happens during an Angiogram procedure?

You will go to the catheterization lab (cath lab) for the angiogram.

1. You will lie on the x-rays table. The Nurse will interface you to a heart monitor.
2. The nurse will clean the area picked for the angiogram with a cleaning arrangement. Once it is cleared it's recommended to try not to contact this area.
3. The nurse will put a sterile (without germ) wrap over you to keep the area clean.
4. The cardiologist will inject a local sedative (freezing) into the groin area or wrist area part (radial artery).
5. Once the area is frozen, the cardiologist will insert a sheath (like a large IV) into the femoral artery (found in the groin area) or radial artery.
6. Through this sheath, the cardiologist will direct little catheters (wires) into the coronary arteries.
7. Small measures of colored dye will be injected through these catheters to see the coronary arteries. It is not unexpected to feel a warm sensation for the moment.
8. Patient need be ready to pause your breathing and give a deep cough off chance that the cardiologist asks you.
9. It is typical to feel some gentle inconveniences during the angiogram. Notwithstanding, tell the cardiologist on the off chance that you are not comfortable with pain.
10. Once enough photos are captured of your coronary (heart) arteries, the cardiologist will eliminate the guide wires however, leave the sheath in. Then he will look into the angiogram results.
11. You will get back to the recuperation area.

What happens after the test?

Postoperatively after Angiogram:

1. Plenty of rest is advised
2. Drink plenty of liquids
3. The wound area should be clean and dry
4. Observe the wound for any signs of infection like drainage from the wound, swelling, redness, pain, and fever
5. Avoid showering, tub baths, or swimming until the incision site is cleaned completely

Results of aniogram

Normal angiogram or mild narrowing (blockages)

Now and again, the angiogram can be ordinary with no narrowing. In different cases, the angiogram might show mild narrowing, with under 50% narrowing of the artery diameter. This is uplifting news. Your doctor will talk about the outcomes with you and you should circle back to your referring physician.

Blockages in little arteries

It is possible to have narrowed in small veins or branches providing just small spaces of the heart. These are generally left alone if the diameter of the arteries is below 2 mm. For the most part, it isn't advisable to put stents in tiny arteries. Angiogram treatment with normal heart medications is ordinarily suggested in these cases.

Serious blockage in a couple of significant arteries

In situations, where a couple of arteries have extreme narrowing, your primary care doctor might suggest an angioplasty procedure. This system is typically done simultaneously as the angiogram, permitting the specialist to open up any narrowing with a special device called a balloon or angio stent.

Serious blockages in numerous supply routes

At times, we see numerous arterial routes with serious blockages. This is more common in patients with diabetes. Cases with several blockages are regularly treated with sidestep bypass surgery. The angiogram is halted as of now to permit time for conversation with you, your family, your alluding specialist doctor, and a cardiovascular specialist surgeon.

How much does angiography cost in Gleneagles hospital?

The rates as per heart angiography cost in Mumbai:

Investigation

Approximate cost (In INR)

ECG

370

2D ECHO

3040

TMT (Treadmill Test)

2890

Chest X-ray

640

Day Care Cath Coronary Angiogram

CT Coronary Angiogram

Note:

The above-mentioned prices are approximate prices of those procedures respectively.

You can make an appointment or call on 91-022- 67670101 on the website to know angiogram cost in Mumbai.

Why Gleneagles Hospital for Angiogram?

The Cardiac Science team at Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai comes with an experience of over 20 years. The Cath- lab here, is with integrated Intravascular Ultra sound(IVUS) and Fractional Flow reserve(FFR) which is an advanced technique. IVUS can be used to assess vessel/lumen diameter, lesion length, help determine the amount of plaque build-up in a vessel and its composition. This aide in getting accurate reports, thereby planning of the required line of treatment. Further this optimizes the results post angiography as it helps to check if the stents have been properly placed and fully deployed. It can also help measure the effectiveness of balloon angioplasty or stenting during follow ups. The benefit of advanced technology is it saves unnecessary coronary interventions and patients could be managed with medications alone. Gleneagles hospital, Parel, Mumbai is known for its honest opinion and zero unwanted cardiac interventions.

Chest Pain: Overview

Chest pain may have different kinds of presentation, ranging from a piercing pain to a dull ache. Chest pain varies depending upon the individual and is mostly found pain in the middle of the chest. It can also be a feeling of crushing or burning. In certain cases, the pain travels up the neck into the jaw and then radiates to the back or down one or both arms.

There can be a varied range of reasons for chest pain like heart problems, lung problems, gastrointestinal problems, etc. The most life-threatening causes involve the heart or lungs. Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The discomfort also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It's important to seek immediate medical help.

What are the types of Chest Pain?

• There are different types of chest pain.
• Squeezing and tightening pain usually around the breastbone
• Radiating to the jaws, back or tee.
• Pain accompanied by anxiety racing pulse or shortness of breath.
• Sharp pain that worsens with cough or deep breathing.
• Burning pain is accompanied by Gl symptoms such as indigestion or reflux.

Symptoms of Chest Pain

• Distress
• Pain in arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back along with chest pain
• Nausea
• Dizziness or weakness (fatigue)
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating

Signs of a medical emergency

• A sudden feeling of pressure, squeezing, tightness, or crushing under your breastbone
• Chest pain that spreads to your jaw left arm, or back
• Sudden, sharp chest pain with shortness of breath, especially after a long period of inactivity
• Heaviness in breathing or o chest
• Nausea, dizziness, rapid heart rate or rapid breathing, confusion, ashen colour, or excessive sweating
• Very low blood pressure or very low heart rate

Causes of Chest Pain

• Indigestion or reflux (stomach acid coming up the throat) can feel like a burning pain in the chest.
• Muscle strains and irritation in the spaces between the ribs; close the breastbone (costochondritis).
• Shingles (herpes zoster) can cause chest pain before a skin rash creates.
• Angina is caused by reduced blood flows to the heart and ordinarily happens when the heart has to work more enthusiastically than expected. There are many types of angina, including microvascular angina, Prinzmetal's angina, stable angina, unstable angina and variant angina.

Heart Related Causes

The cause of heart-related problems caused by chest pain includes:

Coronary Artery Disease:

This is a blockage in the heart's blood vessels that reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. This can cause pain known as angina.

Pericarditis:

This is an inflammation or infection of the sac around the heart. It can cause pain similar to that caused by angina. But it often causes a sharp, steady pain along the upper neck and shoulder muscle.

Musculoskeletal pain after open-heart surgery

Myocardial Infarction: This reduction in blood flow through heart blood vessels causes the death of heart muscle cells. Though similar to angina chest pain, a heart attack is usually a more severe, crushing pain, usually in the centre or left side of the chest and is not relieved by rest. Sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, or severe weakness may accompany the pain.

Myocarditis: In addition to chest pain, this heart muscle inflammation may cause fever, fatigue, fast heartbeat, and trouble breathing.

Mitral Valve collapse:

Mitral valve prolapse is a condition in which a valve in the heart fails to close properly. A variety of symptoms have been associated with mitral valve prolapse, including chest pain, palpitations, and dizziness.

Coronary artery dissection:

This is a rare but deadly condition, which results when a tear develops in the coronary artery. It may cause a sudden, severe pain with a tearing or ripping sensation that goes up into the neck, back, or abdomen.

Respiratory Causes

Pleuritis: The most common causes of pleuritic chest pain are bacterial or viral infections, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax. Other less common causes include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and cancer.

Pneumonia or lung abscess: These lung infections can cause pleuritic and other types of chest pain, such as a deep chest ache.

Pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary embolism is more likely following deep vein thrombosis or after being immobile for several days following surgery or as a complication of cancer.

Pneumothorax: Often caused by an injury to the chest, pneumothorax happens when a part of the lung collapses, releasing air into the chest cavity.

Gastrointestinal Causes

Gastrointestinal causes of chest pain

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): GERD, commonly known as acid reflux, occurs when stomach contents move back into the throat. This may cause a sour taste in the mouth and a burning sensation in the chest or throat, known as heartburn.

Esophageal contraction disorders: These are uncoordinated muscle contractions (spasms) and high-pressure contractions (nutcracker esophagus) in the esophagus that can cause chest pain.

Esophageal hypersensitivity: This occurs when the esophagus becomes very painful at the smallest change in pressure or exposure to acid. The cause of this sensitivity is unknown.

Esophageal rupture or perforation: Sudden, severe chest pain following vomiting or a procedure involving the esophagus may be the sign of a rupture in the esophagus.

Peptic ulcers: This is a vague, recurring discomfort as a result of these painful sores in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. More common in people who smoke, drink a lot of alcohol, or take painkillers such as aspirin or NSAIDs.

Hiatal hernia: This common problem occurs when the top of the stomach pushes into the lower chest after eating. The pain tends to get worse when you lie down.

Pancreatitis: You may have pancreatitis if you have pain in the lower chest that is often worse when you lie flat and better when you lean forward.

Gallbladder problems: After eating a fatty meal, when you have a sensation of fullness or pain in your right lower chest area or the right upper side of your abdomen, then your chest pain may be due to a gallbladder problem.

Other Causes

Asthma is a common breathing disorder characterized by inflammation in the airways, which can cause Trusted Source chest pain.

When to see a doctor?

On the off chance that your chest pain keeps going longer than a couple of moments and doesn't disappear when you rest or take your angina prescriptions, it very well might be a sign you have a heart attack. Call 022 6767 0202 for emergency help. Treatment of angina is important to start as soon as possible.

Tennis Elbow: Overview

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is a painful condition that occurs when tendons in your elbow are over-burden, due to repeated motions of the wrist and the arm makes small changes to the tendon. Regardless of its name, athletes aren't the only people who develop tennis elbow pain. People whose jobs feature the kinds of movements that can lead to tennis elbow include plumbers, painters, carpenters, and butchers.

The pain of the tennis elbow occurs primarily where the tendons of your lower arm muscles attach to a bony bump knock outwardly of your tennis elbow. Pain can also spread into your forearm and wrist. Rest and over-the-counter pain relievers often help relieve tennis elbow. On the off chance that moderate medicines don't help or then again in case side effects are disabling, your doctor may recommend surgery.

Symptoms of tennis elbow

The symptoms of the tennis elbow are like those of a golf player's elbow, except that, the tennis elbow causes pain outwardly of the elbow. Other symptoms include:

• Pain outwardly of the upper-lower arm, beneath the elbow
• Pain when twisting the arm
• Pain when writing
• Pain when grasping or holding objects
• Pain when winding the lower arm

Causes of tennis elbow

Tennis elbow is an overuse and muscle strain injury. The repeated movements and stress to the tissue might bring about a progression of tiny tears in the tendons that attach the forearm muscles to the hard conspicuousness at the outside of your elbow.

Risks related to tennis elbow

Factors that put you at risk of tennis elbow include:

Occupation – Those whose work requires regular repetition moments of the arms and wrists are at a high risk of developing tennis elbow. Painters, craftsmen, handymen, cooks, and butchers are inclined to tennis elbow.

Age – Tennis elbow is a condition common in people between 30 – 50 years of age.

Interests – Sports like tennis, squash, or badminton have a more serious risk of tennis elbow, particularly in the event that players don't practice appropriate stroke techniques.

How to prevent tennis elbow

• Lift objects with palm looking up
• Exercise by consistently stretching your hand muscles
• Always warm-up practices by stretching your hands before the beginning of any activities.
• Use a stretchable cloth or a readymade fabric as an elbow wrap or support.

Make an Enquiry.

At Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, our experienced orthopedic consultants, and surgeons are supported by a comprehensive team of nurses and physiotherapists to provide you with suitable tennis elbow treatment options.

For Appointment 02267670101

Peptic Ulcer: Overview

A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is generally acidic and extremely painful. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. An ulcer in the duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer.

Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer

Small ulcers generally do not cause any symptoms. Some ulcers can cause severe bleeding.

• Abdominal pain
• Feeling of fullness
• Mild nausea
• Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
• Bloody or dark tarry stools
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Weight loss

Causes of Peptic Ulcer

Common causes include:

• Too much consumption of alcohol
• Tobacco chewing
• Cigarette smoking
• Having radiation treatments

Risk related to peptic ulcer

You may be at risk of getting a peptic ulcer if you:

Smoke - Smoking may increase the risk of peptic ulcers in people who are infected with H. pylori.

Drink alcohol - Alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of your stomach, and it increases the amount of stomach acid that’s produced.

Stress - Stress puts you at risk of getting a peptic ulcer

Eating spicy foods - Medications that protect the lining of your stomach and small intestine.

How to prevent peptic ulcer

To reduce your risk of developing a peptic ulcer:

• Avoid tobacco products
• Avoid alcohol
• Use caution with aspirin and/or NSAIDs
• Don’t ignore your ulcer symptoms
• Protect yourself from infections by washing hands regularly and consuming foods that have been cooked thoroughly

Make an Enquiry

Gleneagles Hospital located at Parel, Mumbai is the best hospital in western India. Gleneagles Hospital offers advanced Endoscopic procedures and lab tests to detect a peptic ulcer. If you have any questions or would like to speak with a member of our team, then please get in touch for emergency 022 6767 0202 & For Appointment 022 6767 0101. If you are contacting us as a patient or potential patient please complete the form below or call us.

Endoscopy: Overview

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that enables an endoscopy doctor to see different parts of the body using an endoscope. An endoscope is a long flexible cylinder tube that has a light source, camera, and various channels that permit air, water, and instruments to be gone through it. The endoscope test is generally passed through a natural opening of the body like the mouth, anus, nose, vagina, and urethra.

Why do you need an Endoscopy?

An endoscopy is used to diagnose and, now and then, treat conditions that affect the part of your digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, and beginning of the small intestine (duodenum). The main reasons behind endoscopy are investigation, confirmation, and treatment.

Types of Endoscopy

Endoscopies fall into categories based on the area of the body that they investigate like Capsule Endoscopy, Stomach Endoscopy. Below are several different types of endoscopy which include:

Colonoscopy: This scope Inserted at the anus and views the large bowel.

Gastroscopy: This scope Inserted via the mouth and used to view the oesophagus, stomach, and the first part of the duodenum.

Duodenoscopy: This scope is inserted via the mouth and is passed through to the duodenum via the esophagus and the stomach and used to view and perform procedures on the bile duct and/or the pancreatic duct. This procedure is known as Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatogram (ERCP).

Bronchoscopy: This scope is inserted via the mouth and passes through the trachea to observe the lungs.

Cystoscopy: This scope is passed into the bladder via the urethra and to view the bladder and ureters.

Hysteroscopy: This scope is passed through the cervix via the vagina and is used to examine the uterus.

Laryngoscopy: This scope is passed through the nose into the throat and is used to view the larynx.

How to be prepared for Endoscopy

Before the Procedure

An endoscopy also known as EGD is recommended to look at the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. The patient might be asked to quit taking certain prescriptions, particularly blood thinners. The patient can't eat or drink for a few hours prior to the test. The patient needs to show up before the expected time appointment so the patient can round out any necessary paperwork.

During the Procedure

Depending upon the endoscopic procedure patient goes through; the patient might get a nearby local numbing specialist, a sedative, or anesthesia. Then, the patient is approached to change into a gown and lay down on the side or back. After the doctors explain everything, they'll start inserting the tube either through the mouth or the rectum. Endoscopies are not usually painful.

After the Procedure

After the endoscopy is finished, the patient spends another 20 – 30 minutes in recovery. Doctors will monitor the patient for any complications. Your doctor will give patient guidelines for eating, drinking, and some other subsequent considerations. Moreover, they might go over the results with you here or contact the patient later.

What are the technologies used for endoscopy?

With the advancement in technology, there are some technologies used in endoscopy, as mentioned below.

• Capsule endoscopy
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
• Chromoendoscopy
• Narrow band imaging (NBI)
• Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)

Risks related to Endoscopy

There are some risks associated with the procedure, which the doctor explains before the procedure. Some of these risks are highlighted below.

• Infection
• Bleeding especially in cases where the patient undergoes a fine needle aspiration test also.
• Perforations or tearing off in the throat or intestinal wall.
• Inflammation of the pancreas or pancreatitis, especially if the fine-needle aspiration of the pancreas is combined with Endoscopic ultrasound.

Recovery after Endoscopy

Once the Endoscopy is done, the doctor examines the patient 20-30 for recovery as it painless procedure. After a basic endoscopy, the person can go home on the same day, as advised by the doctor.

Make an Enquiry

Gleneagles Hospital located at Parel, Mumbai is the best hospital in the western region of India. Gleneagles Hospital offers advanced Endoscopic procedures and transplants. If you have any questions or would like to speak with a member of our team, then please get in touch for emergency 022 6767 0202 & For Appointment 022 6767 0101. If you are contacting us as a patient or potential patient, please complete the form below or call us.

Ganglion cysts are noncancerous lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of your wrists or hands. They also may occur in the ankles and feet. Ganglion cysts are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid.

Small ganglion cysts can be pea-sized, while larger ones can be around an inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter. Ganglion cysts can be painful if they press on a nearby nerve. Their location can sometimes interfere with joint movement.

If your ganglion cyst is causing you problems, your doctor may suggest trying to drain the cyst with a needle. Removing the cyst surgically also is an option. But if you have no symptoms, no treatment is necessary. In many cases, the cysts go away on their own.

What Is a Ganglion Cyst?

A ganglion rises out of a joint, like a balloon on a stalk. It grows out of the tissues surrounding a joint, such as ligaments, tendon sheaths, and joint linings. Inside the balloon is a thick, slippery fluid, similar to the fluid that lubricates your joints.

Ganglion cysts can develop in several of the joints in the hand and wrist, including both the top and underside of the wrist, as well as the end joint of a finger, and at the base of a finger. They vary in size, and in many cases, grow larger with increased wrist activity. With rest, the lump typically becomes smaller.

Symptoms of ganglion cyst

The lumps associated with ganglion cysts can be characterized by:

Location: Ganglion cysts usually appear at specific joints. Using the joint near the cyst may increase swelling and worsen any discomfort you feel.

Ganglion cysts typically develop on the:

Wrist: On the front or back.

Finger: Near any finger joint (close to your palm or just below the fingernail).

Foot: Close to your ankle or near your toes.

Shape and size: Ganglion cysts are round or oval and usually measure less than an inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter. A ganglion cyst usually looks like a lump or bump on your wrist, finger or foot. This lump may look symmetrical (round) or misshapen (more like an oval).

A ganglion cyst sits just below the skin’s surface. It may look like a bubble blown from a joint. Ganglia sometimes have a translucent effect (you can see through the lump at certain angles).

Pain: Ganglion cysts usually are painless. But if a cyst presses on a nerve — even if the cyst is too small to form a noticeable lump — it can cause pain, tingling, numbness or muscle weakness.

Causes of ganglion cyst

No one knows exactly what causes a ganglion cyst to develop. It grows out of a joint or the lining of a tendon, looking like a tiny water balloon on a stalk, and seems to occur when the tissue that surrounds a joint or a tendon bulges out of place. Inside the cyst is a thick lubricating fluid similar to that found in joints or around tendons.

Risk Factors of ganglion cyst

Doctors recognize a few risk factors that can mean a person has a higher likelihood of developing a ganglion cyst:

Age: Ganglion cysts are more likely to occur in people between 15 years and 40 years of age, though they occur in young children and older people as well.

Sex: Ganglion cysts develop more commonly in women than in men.

Osteoarthritis. People who have wear-and-tear arthritis in the finger joints closest to their fingernails are at higher risk of developing ganglion cysts near those joints.

Joint or tendon injury. Joints or tendons that have been injured in the past are more likely to develop ganglion cysts.

Treatment of ganglion cyst

A ganglion cyst doesn’t need emergency treatment unless you have significant trauma. A routine check by either your doctor or a specialist in bones and joints (an orthopedist) is often enough.

Your doctor may recommend surgery if your symptoms are not relieved by nonsurgical methods, or if the ganglion returns after aspiration. The procedure to remove a ganglion cyst is called an excision.

Surgery involves removing the cyst as well as part of the involved joint capsule or tendon sheath, which is considered the root of the ganglion. Even after ganglion treatment, there is a small chance the ganglion will return.

Excision is typically an outpatient procedure and patients are able to go home after a period of observation in the recovery area. There may be some tenderness, discomfort, and swelling after surgery. Normal activities usually may be resumed 2 to 6 weeks after surgery.

Knee replacement surgery — also known as knee arthroplasty (ARTH-row-plas-tee) — can help relieve pain and restore function in severely diseased knee joints. The procedure involves cutting away damaged bone and cartilage from your thighbone, shinbone and kneecap and replacing it with an artificial joint (prosthesis) made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics and polymers.

What is knee replacement?

Knee replacement, also called knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap. This surgery may be considered for someone who has severe arthritis or a severe knee injury.

Procedure of knee replacement

Before the procedure

Knee replacement surgery requires anesthesia. Your input and preference help the team decide whether to use general anesthesia, which makes you unconscious, or spinal anesthesia, which leaves you awake but unable to feel pain from your waist down.

You'll be given an intravenous antibiotic before, during and after the procedure to help prevent post-surgical infection. You might also be given a nerve block around your knee to numb it. The numbness wears off gradually after the procedure.

During the procedure

Your knee will be in a bent position to expose all surfaces of the joint. After making an incision about 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 centimeters) long, your surgeon moves aside your kneecap and cuts away the damaged joint surfaces.

After preparing the joint surfaces, the surgeon attaches the pieces of the artificial joint. Before closing the incision, he or she bends and rotates your knee, testing it to ensure proper function. The surgery lasts about two hours.

After the procedure

You'll be taken to a recovery room for one to two hours. How long you stay after surgery depends on your individual needs. Many people can go home that same day. Medications prescribed by your doctor should help control pain.

You'll be encouraged to move your foot and ankle, which increases blood flow to your leg muscles and helps prevent swelling and blood clots. You'll likely receive blood thinners and wear support hose or compression boots to further protect against swelling and clotting.

You'll be asked to do frequent breathing exercises and gradually increase your activity level. A physical therapist will show you how to exercise your new knee. After you leave the hospital, you'll continue physical therapy at home or at a center.

Do your exercises regularly, as instructed. For the best recovery, follow all of your care team's instructions concerning wound care, diet and exercise.

What is the cost of knee replacement surgery in Mumbai?

The knee replacement surgery cost in Mumbai is approximately between Rs.1,50,000 to Rs.3,80,000. This makes knee replacement surgery costs in India quite low compared to the western countries.

What are the additional costs of Knee replacement surgery?

Total knee replacement cost can be depends on the knee surgery suggested by doctor and it is between Rs.1,50,000 to Rs.3,80,000. In Mumbai, for knee surgery the cost of knee replacement may vary based on:

• Method of surgery
• Cost of total knee replacement
• Hospital stay

Why should one choose Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai?

The team of joint replacement and knee arthroscopy at Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai is led by the doctors best experience. That’s why Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai have knee replacement surgery cost in Mumbai is affordable for every individual.

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach.

Ulcers can also occur in part of the intestine just beyond the stomach. These are known as duodenal ulcers.

Both stomach and duodenal ulcers are sometimes referred to as peptic ulcers. Here the term stomach ulcer will be used, although the information applies equally to duodenal ulcers.

What are the treatments for an ulcer?

You shouldn’t treat an ulcer on your own without first seeing your doctor. Over-the-counter antacids and acid blockers may ease some or all of the pain, but the relief is always short-lived. With a doctor's help, you can find an end to ulcer pain as well as a lifelong cure for it.

The chief goals treatment of ulcer are reducing the amount of acid in the stomach and strengthening the protective lining that comes in direct contact with stomach acids. If your ulcer is caused by bacterial infection, your doctor will also treat that.

Medications

Most people will be prescribed a medication called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to reduce the amount of acid their stomach produces and allow the ulcer to heal naturally. If an H. pylori infection is responsible for the ulcers, antibiotics will also be used to kill the bacteria, which should prevent the ulcer coming back. If the ulcers are caused by the use of NSAIDs, PPIs are usually prescribed, and your doctor will discuss whether you should keep using NSAIDs. Alternative medication to NSAIDs, such as paracetamol, may be recommended. Stomach ulcers can come back after treatment, although this is less likely to happen if the underlying cause is addressed.

Surgery

In certain cases, Surgery is best ulcer treatment. For instance, if the ulcer continues to return, will not heal, bleeds, or prevents food from leaving the stomach.

Surgery can include:

• Removing the ulcer
• Tying off bleeding blood vessels
• Sewing tissue from another site onto the ulcer
• Cutting the nerve that controls stomach acid production

Complications from stomach ulcers such as bleeding or perforation are rare. Either of these complications requires urgent medical attention.

Why should one choose Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai?

• Western India’s leading multispecialty hospital equipped with technical labs for ulcer tests & treatment with specialized doctor for consultations.
• Patients served so far and well treated for Ulcer
• 100+ corporates trust us for the health checks of their employees

Call us for appointment - 02267670101 to know the lab options and make a booking at your convenient time. If you are contacting us as a patient or potential patient, please complete the form below or call us.

Endoscopy is recommended for the examination of the internal organs and vessels in a person’s body. Such as to determine the cause of abnormal symptoms like problem such as in the digestive system.

What is the purpose of endoscopy?

The main purpose behind endoscopy is investigation, confirmation, and treatment. Whichever method the doctor has employed to perform the endoscopy, the purpose is the same: investigate the digestive tract and diagnose evidence of a possible medical condition.

How is capsule endoscopy performed?

Capsule Endoscopy is usually performed on an outpatient basis. Eight sensors will be place on the patient's abdomen. The sensors will be attached to a Data Recorder that will be worn in a belt around the patient's waist. The patient will be instructed to swallow the Pill Cam with a small amount of water.

Endoscopy procedure

Before the procedure, the doctor will discuss with you why the procedure is being done, whether there are alternative procedures or tests, and what possible complications may result from the endoscopy. The patient may have the throat sprayed with a numbing solution and will probably be given sedating and pain alleviating medications through a vein. You will be relaxed after receiving this medication.

After you are sedated while lying on your left side the flexible video endoscope, the thickness of a small finger, is passed through the mouth into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Most people experience only minimal discomfort during the test, and many sleep throughout the entire procedure using conscious sedation.

What preparation does a patient require before the capsule endoscopy?

Tell your physician if you are pregnant, have a lung or heart condition, or if you are allergic to any medications. If you are taking blood-thinning medications may have to be stopped for a period of time before the endoscopy. Please discuss this with your physician prior to the procedure.

If you have diabetes and use insulin, you must adjust the dosage of insulin the day of the test. Your primary physician will help you with this adjustment. Bring your diabetes medication with you so you can take it after the procedure.

What is the endoscopy cost in Mumbai?

Endoscopy cost in India ranges from Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 50,000/-. It is a non-surgical procedure that is used to either observe or operate on the internal organs, tissues or vessels of the body.

Why should one choose Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai?

• Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai is western India’s leading center for gastroenterology with over 20,000 endoscopies.
• There is special care for patients under Dr Prabha Sawant, Dr Meghraj Ingle, Dr Samshersingh Chauhan, Dr Vikay Pandey.
• Patients served so far and well treated for Endoscopy
• 100+ corporates trust us for the health checks of their employees

Call us for appointment - 02267670101 to know the lab options and make a booking at your convenient time. If you are contacting us as a patient or potential patient please complete the form below or call us.

What is acromioclavicular joint dislocation?

Acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation is a common injury, especially among sportsmen. There is still a lack of consensus on whether to conserve or operate type III AC joint dislocations. Even among surgeons inclined to operate AC joint dislocations, there is no unanimity on which surgical technique. There are a plethora of choices between mechanical fixation or synthetic materials or biologic anatomic reconstructions.

What is the most common Shoulder Dislocation type?

Below are shoulder dislocation types:

Anterior (forward). The head of the arm bone (humerus) is moved forward, in front of the socket (glenoid). This is the most common type of dislocation and usually happens when the arm is extended.

Posterior (behind). The head of the arm bone is moved behind and above the socket. This is an uncommon type of dislocation that is usually caused by seizures or electrical shock.

Inferior (bottom). The head of the arm bone is pushed down and out of the socket toward the armpit. This is the least common type of dislocation.

AC joint Separation Vs AC joint disruption?

AC joint Separation

AC joint disruption

An AC joint separation is the joint connecting the shoulder blade to the clavicle or collarbone rather than the humerus or upper arm bone. AC joint disruption usually results from a fall onto the point of the shoulder with subsequent disruption of the ligaments and muscular attachments stabilizing this joint

AC joint disruption usually results from a fall onto the point of the shoulder with subsequent disruption of the ligaments and muscular attachments stabilizing this joint.

The most common cause of AC joint separation is a fall onto the shoulder. With sufficient damage to the ligaments, the shoulder blade or scapula drops away from the clavicle, creating misalignment and giving rise to the shoulder bump.

AC joint disruption can cause swelling, bruising and pain in the shoulder. The tip of the shoulder joint (highest point) usually becomes more prominent than the opposite shoulder. The swelling is usually very tender to touch and could hear/feel clicking and clunking with shoulder movement.

Specialty usually recommends an X-ray of the shoulder. Unless the damage is relatively severe, the X-ray may not reveal anything.

Its diagnosis is made by a detailed medical history, physical examination and an X-ray. X-ray is usually performed to confirm the joint separation and rule out any fracture to the clavicle. X-rays of opposite shoulder and rarely CT scan may be needed in some cases.

How does acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation feels?

The junction, or joint, between the collarbone and shoulder is tender or painful. Tenderness is felt at the AC (acromioclavicular) joint site. Numbness or muscular weakness may be felt in the shoulder or arm, which is caused by damage to nerves. If this symptom appears, go to a doctor right away.

Risks, Symptoms & Signs of Shoulder Dislocation

Risk factors for AC Joint dislocation:

• Participating in contact sports or activities like rock climbing that expose you to falling
• Previous shoulder dislocation, chronic shoulder instability, or previous injury of the shoulder’s soft tissues
• Occupational exposure to fall

If you dislocate your shoulder, you probably will know it right away. The most common dislocated shoulder symptoms are:

• Immediate, severe pain
• Inability to move the arm
• Numbness or tingling in the shoulder area or down the arm
• Swelling
• Visible deformity of the upper arm

Signs of AC Joint Dislocation:

• Pain.
• Swelling.
• Bruising.
• Instability of the joint.
• Loss of ability to move the joint.
• Visibly deformed joint (bone looks out of place)

Shoulder Dislocation Causes

The most common causes of a dislocated shoulder are:

• Being forcefully struck on the shoulder, such as during a motor vehicle collision
• Falling on an outstretched arm
• Injuries related to sports activities, such as being tackled in a football game or falling while skiing

Shoulder Dislocation Diagnosis and Tests

Your doctor will examine the afflicted region for pain, swelling, or deformation in order to diagnose and test it. The displacement of your shoulder joint can be seen on an X-ray, as well as any fractures or other damage.

When to see a doctor specialist?

The injuries that cause separated shoulders can also cause bone fractures or concussions, you should see a doctor right away to either confirm a separated shoulder or rule out a more serious injury.

Treatments available for Dislocated Shoulder

At Gleneagles Hospital, Parel, Mumbai our specialist doctor may also recommend surgery or recommend physical therapy to strengthen the surrounding muscles and improve your range of motion as per the diagnosis test.

Recovery Time

It takes about 12 to 16 weeks to completely recover from a dislocated shoulder. You'll usually be able to resume most activities within two weeks but should avoid heavy lifting and sports involving shoulder movements for between 6 weeks and 3 months.

For any sports related injuries or conditions, consult our doctors at Gleneagles Hospital, Mumbai, Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine.